What is a pathogen?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: A pathogen is a disease-causing organism.
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What is a transmissible disease?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: A transmissible disease is a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another.
What does it mean if a disease is transmissible?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: It can spread from one host to another.
How can pathogens be transmitted by direct contact?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Through contact with infected people, blood or other body fluids.
Give examples of body fluids that may transmit pathogens.
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Blood, saliva, mucus, semen and other body fluids.
How can pathogens be transmitted indirectly?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Through contaminated surfaces, food, animals or air.
Give examples of indirect transmission of pathogens.
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Touching contaminated surfaces, eating contaminated food, animal vectors and breathing infected droplets.
What is the function of the skin as a body defence?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Skin acts as a physical barrier to stop pathogens entering the body.
What is the function of hairs in the nose?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: They trap particles and pathogens before they enter the breathing system.
What is the function of mucus as a body defence?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Mucus traps pathogens and particles.
What is the function of stomach acid as a body defence?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Stomach acid kills many pathogens swallowed with food or drink.
What is the role of white blood cells in defence?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: White blood cells destroy pathogens by phagocytosis or produce antibodies.
Why is a clean water supply important in controlling disease?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: It prevents the spread of pathogens through contaminated water.
Why is hygienic food preparation important?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: It reduces contamination of food by pathogens.
Why is good personal hygiene important?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: It reduces the transfer of pathogens between people.
Why is waste disposal important in controlling disease?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: It removes materials that could contain pathogens or attract disease-carrying animals.
Why is sewage treatment important?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: It removes pathogens from human waste before it contaminates water supplies.
What is active immunity?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Active immunity is defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body.
How is active immunity produced?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: The body produces its own antibodies after infection or vaccination.
What are antigens?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Antigens are molecules on pathogens that have specific shapes.
Does each pathogen have the same antigens?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: No, each pathogen has its own antigens with specific shapes.
What are antibodies?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Antibodies are proteins that bind to specific antigens.
What happens when antibodies bind to antigens?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: They can directly destroy pathogens or mark them for destruction by phagocytes.
Why are antibodies specific?
Topic: 10.1 Diseases and immunity
Answer: Specific antibodies have complementary shapes that fit specific antigens.
More IGCSE Biology Revision
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Cambridge IGCSE Biology Revision Topics
These flashcards are designed for fast IGCSE Biology revision. They support active recall by showing a question, term or prompt on the front and the explanation or answer on the back.
1.1 Characteristics of living organisms
1.2 Concept and uses of classification systems
1.3 Features of organisms
2.1 Cell structure
2.2 Size of specimens
3.1 Diffusion
3.2 Osmosis
3.3 Active transport
4.1 Biological molecules
5.1 Enzymes
6.1-Photosynthesis
6.2 Leaf structure
7.1 Diet
7.2 Digestive system
7.3 Physical digestion
7.4 Chemical digestion
7.5 Absorption
8.1 Xylem and phloem
8.2 Water uptake
8.3 Transpiration
8.4 Translocation
9.1 Circulatory systems
9.2 Heart
9.3 Blood vessels
9.4 Blood
10.1 Diseases and immunity
11.1 Gas exchange in humans
12.1 Respiration
12.2 Aerobic respiration
12.3 Anaerobic respiration
13.1 Excretion in humans
14.1 Coordination and response
14.2 Sense organs
14.3 Hormones
14.4 Homeostasis
14.5 Tropic responses
15.1 Drugs
16.1 Asexual reproduction
16.2 Sexual reproduction
16.3 Sexual reproduction in plants
16.4 Sexual reproduction in humans
16.5 Sex hormones in humans
16.6 Sexually transmitted infections
17.1 Chromosomes, genes and proteins
17.2 Mitosis
17.3 Meiosis
17.4 Monohybrid inheritance
18.1 Variation
18.2 Adaptive features
18.3 Selection
19.1 Energy flow
19.2 Food chains and food webs
19.3 Nutrient cycles
19.4 Populations
20.1 Food supply
20.2 Habitat destruction
20.3 Pollution
20.4 Conservation
21.1 Biotechnology and genetic modification
21.2 Biotechnology
21.3 Genetic modification
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