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Density, Mass & Volume

Motion, forces and energy · IGCSE Physics

Density, Mass & Volume — IGCSE Physics Notes

Exam years: 2025–2027 Topic: Motion, forces and energy Lesson 8 of 48

Density, Mass & Volume

Definition of Density

Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. ρ = m / V Units: g/cm³ or kg/m³; 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³.

Subtopics
  • Density of a liquid
  • Density of a regular solid
  • Density of an irregular solid (displacement)
  • Floating or sinking

Mass & Weight

Mass: quantity of matter (scalar), measured by balance (kg). Weight: gravitational force W = mg (vector), measured by Newton meter (N).

Gravitational field strength g = W/m (N/kg).

Density of a Liquid

  1. Mass of empty cylinder m₁.
  2. Add volume V of liquid; mass m₂.
  3. Mass of liquid = m₂ − m₁.
  4. ρ = (m₂ − m₁)/V.

Keep eye level to avoid parallax.

Density of a Regular Solid

  • Measure dimensions → compute volume.
  • Weigh mass m; ρ = m/V.
ShapeVolume
Cube
Cuboidl×b×h
Cylinderπr²h
Sphere4/3 πr³
Cone1/3 πr²h

Density of an Irregular Solid (Displacement)

  1. Weigh object (mass m).
  2. Use a displacement can → collect displaced water in measuring cylinder.
  3. Volume of object = volume of displaced water.
  4. ρ = m/V.

Avoid trapped air bubbles → they inflate the measured volume.

Float or Sink?

  • Object density < fluid → floats (top layer if immiscible).
  • Object density > fluid → sinks.

Summary Table

QuantityDefinitionFormulaUnitType
MassAmount of matterkgScalar
WeightGravitational forceW = mgNVector
gForce per unit massg = W/mN/kgVector
DensityMass per volumeρ = m/Vkg/m³Scalar

Always convert units correctly (g↔kg, cm³↔m³).